I'rab — the four states

باب الإعراب

I'rab is the last letter changing because a new worker entered the sentence. Four states. Nouns take three of them: raised, installed, lowered. They do not take jazm. Verbs take three: raised, installed, cut. They do not take jarr.

That one paragraph is half the book. The rest is the signs of each state.

The matn

الْإِعْرَابُ هُوَ تَغْيِيرُ أَوَاخِرِ الْكَلِمِ لِاخْتِلَافِ الْعَوَامِلِ الدَّاخِلَةِ عَلَيْهَا لَفْظًا أَوْ تَقْدِيرًا. وَأَقْسَامُهُ أَرْبَعَةٌ: رَفْعٌ، وَنَصْبٌ، وَخَفْضٌ، وَجَزْمٌ.

I'rab is the change of the ends of words because of the workers that enter upon them, in pronunciation or in estimate. Its kinds are four: raf, nasb, khafd, and jazm.

رفع
Raf (raised)
Default for the doer and the subject. Often a damma: ُ
نصب
Nasb (installed)
The object, and many ‘after this particle’ chairs. Often a fatha: َ
خفض / جر
Khafd / jarr (lowered)
After a lowering particle, or as the second of a pair (idafa). Often a kasra: ِ
جزم
Jazm (cut)
On the present verb after lam, la of prohibition, and the condition tools. Often a sukun: ْ

Khafd and jarr are the same chair. The matn says khafd. Later books say jarr. Do not fight the names.